Desarrollo de una escala para medir la percepción de la crianza parental en jóvenes estudiantes mexicanos / Development of a scale to measure the perception of parental upbringing in young Mexican students

Objetivo. La crianza de los hijos es una de las funciones de carácter universal más importantes de la familia. Este estudio aborda la perspectiva y la valoración de los hijos en este proceso, en el que participan activamente. El objetivo del estudio fue construir y validar una escala para medir la percepción de jóvenes estudiantes con respecto a la crianza parental en el ámbito familiar. Método. Se trabajó con una muestra estratificada por área de conocimiento de 727 estudiantes de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México en la ciudad de Toluca, aplicando el instrumento de manera colectiva en los salones de clase, con la colaboración anónima y voluntaria de los participantes. Resultados. Como resultado del análisis factorial con rotación varimax, la versión final de la escala quedó estructurada con 32 reactivos agrupados en tres factores: mostrar interés en las actividades del hijo, apoyo hacia el hijo y orientación al hijo. La escala obtuvo un Alfa de Cronbach de 0.91, explicando el 41% de la varianza. Los resultados muestran que entre los jóvenes predomina una evaluación positiva de la frecuencia con la que los padres desempeñan las actividades de crianza, considerando que éstos cumplen con su función socializadora. Conclusión. Se concluye que es importante realizar más investigaciones sobre la perspectiva y las experiencias que tienen los hijos en el proceso de crianza y en la interacción con sus padres.

Objective. The raising of children is universally one of the most important functions of a family. This study deals with the perspective and the valuation of children in this process in which they actively participate. The objective was the construction and validation of a scale with which to measure the perception of young students regarding parental upbringing in the familial environment. Method. A stratified sample according to areas of knowledge was identified. The instrument was applied collectively in classrooms, anonymously and voluntarily, to 727 Universidad Autónoma students from the Estado de México in the city of Toluca. Results. As a result of the factor analysis with varimax rotation, the final version of the scale was structured with 32 items grouped according to three factors: interest shown in the activities of the child, support given the child, and orientation given the child. The scale obtained a Cronbach Alfa of 0.91, explaining 41% of the variance. The results show that, among the young people, a positive evaluation predominates regarding the frequency with which parents assume activities related to upbringing, thus leading to the consideration that they fulfill their socializing function. Conclusion. In conclusion it is important to do more research on the perspective and the experiences which children have with the process of upbringing and their interaction with their parents.

Escopo. A criança dos filhos é uma das funções principais de caráter universal mais importantes da família. Em este estudo é abordada a perspectiva e a valoração dos filhos em este processo, no que eles participam ativamente. Metodología. O escopo do estudo foi construir e validar uma escala para medir a percepção dos jovens estudantes sobre a criança parental no âmbito familiar. Material e metodologia. No trabalho foi usada uma mostra estratificada por área de conhecimento de 727 estudantes da Universidade Autónoma do Estado de México na cidade de Toluca, e foi aplicado o instrumento de maneira coletiva nas aulas de classe, com colaboração anónima e voluntaria dos participantes. Resultados. Como resultados da análise fatorial com rotação varimax, na versão final a escala quedou estruturada con 32 reativos agrupados em três fatores: mostrar o interesse nas atividades do filho, apoio para o filho e orientação ao filho. A escala teve um Alfa de Cronbach de 0.91, explicando o 41% da variação. Os resultados mostram que entre os jovens predomina uma avaliação positiva da frequência com a de os pais desenvolvem nas atividades de criança, considerando que estes tem com sua função socializadora. Conclusão. A conclusão é ressaltar a importância a realização de mais pesquisas sobre a perspectiva e as experiências que tem os filhos no processo de criança e na interação com seus pais.

Desarrollo y validación de una escala para medir imagen corporal en mujeres jóvenes / Development of a scale to measure body image in young women

Introduction Body image is a concept which involves the feelings, attitudes and perceptions people have about their own body, and is influenced by the adoption of social standards. Body image studies are used in the field of eating disorders research in order to analyze the degree of body dissatisfaction. However, most of the scales proposed to assess body image have been developed in Anglo-Saxon and European countries. Therefore, research on this topic in other socio-cultural contexts requires the standardization and validation of culturally adapted instruments. The aim of the present study was to determine and discuss the reliability and validity of a Mexican scale which measures body image. Additionally, comparisons regarding body dissatisfaction, internalization of the aesthetic ideal of thinness, social influence, age and Body Mass Index (BMI) were made between groups of female college students with and without disordered eating. Materials and methods The sample of this study comprised 508 female college students from the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, selected by means of a probabilistic stratification procedure taking into account the proportion of female students enrolled in each academic area of the university. Their average age was 20.1 years; their mean weight was 57.2 kg with an average height of 1.58 m, whereas the average BMI was 22.8. Based on the theoretical assumptions, three indicators were defined to structure the Body Image Scale: body dissatisfaction, social influence and the internalization of the aesthetic ideal of thinness, measured by a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from never (1) to always (5). A pilot study was carried out in a population of 100 college women; as a result, some adjustments were made in the instructions and in the order of the items. Additionally, a content validation was conducted through the judgments of four professional experts in the clinical mental health area. The scale contains thirty-three items; six of them refer to criticism and family pressure to maintain a slim silhouette and twelve address body dissatisfaction. The remaining fifteen items were taken from the Attitudes Towards Body Figure Questionnaire developed by Unikel, Gomez Peresmitré and Juarez. Results After using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin's (KMO) and Bartlett's tests for establishing the factor structure of the instrument and obtaining a value of 0.94 (p<0.001), the composition of the final version of the scale consisted of twenty-six items grouped into three factors: Factor I: Body dissatisfaction, containing 10 items, with a mean of 3.1 (s.d. = 0.8), accounting for 17.9% of the variance and with a value of Cronbach's Alpha of .84. Factor II: Internalization of the aesthetic ideal of thinness, including 10 items with a mean of 3.5 (s.d.=0.9) which explained 15.2% of the variance and with a value of Cronbach's Alpha of .89. Factor III: Social influence consisted of 6 items with a mean of 3.8 (s.d.=0.8), and accounted for 9.9% of the variance and with a value of Cronbach's Alpha of .82. A discriminant analysis was performed in order to determine if there were any differences according to body image and disordered eating and to establish the predictive validity of the scale. The results indicated that 13 of the 26 items correctly classified the body image scale in 98.2% of the original grouped cases and 97.4% of the cases grouped by cross-validation. A comparative analysis using Student's t-test was conducted among students who had high and low scores in BCCAR (Brief Questionnaire to measure Risky Eating Behaviors), yielding significant differences in their scores on all three factors of the scale. This indicates that women with disordered eating show significantly higher degrees of body dissatisfaction, internalization of the aesthetic ideal of thinness and social influence than women without disorder. Discussion The results of the study showed that the Body Image Scale has acceptable levels of validity and reliability, making it an adequate instrument for differentiating between women with and without disordered eating. The results reveal that high levels of body dissatisfaction were expressed in the majority of the sample, which is consistent with a previous study performed by Baile, Raich and Garrido in Spain, where 80% of the teenage girls expressed dissatisfaction with their body image. Lamerias et al. also found that 85% of the Spanish female college students were dissatisfied with their weight. A considerable degree of internalization of the aesthetic thin body ideal was observed in the sample, as a significant percentage of the participants with body dissatisfaction referred that body weight is important for getting nice clothes and that they are willing to do anything for a slimmer body shape. Also, physical appearance and body weight are deemed necessary for feeling fine. As the difference in body image in terms of eating behaviors risk is concerned, women presenting more risk obtained higher mean scores on the body dissatisfaction, internalization of the aesthetic thin body ideal and social influence factors, which could be a consequence of their perception of disapproval and body disgust. Troisi et al. also reported having found significant negative correlations between body image satisfaction and the presence of eating disorders. The findings of the comparison between body image dissatisfaction in terms of BMI showed that women with low weight are the least satisfied, followed by the ones who present obesity. This suggests that individuals with extreme thinness tend to have greater body image dissatisfaction, whereas Mirza, Davis and Yanovsi found that persons who are overweight or obese are the most dissatisfied. Regarding the internalization of the aesthetic thin body ideal and BMI, the highest scores were obtained in underweight women, followed by the obese ones. This is consistent with what Unikel et al. refer, mentioning that a thin body is socially perceived as more attractive, and also eating less is considered to be more feminine. It is concluded that, according to the results of the study, the proposed scale constitutes an adequate instrument for measuring body image in Mexican samples. Taking some items from already validated instruments proved to be useful for integrating all dimensions of the construct. However, it is considered necessary to obtain data on concurrent validity, sensitivity and specificity values in other samples and to determine cut-off points, in order to confirm its usefulness for research on body image.

Introducción La imagen corporal es la representación mental del cuerpo que cada individuo construye en términos de sentimiento y actitudes hacia el propio cuerpo. El propósito de este estudio es: desarrollar, validar y encontrar el grado de confiabilidad de una escala para medir la imagen corporal en dos grupos de mujeres estudiantes de nivel universitario, uno con conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) y otro sin ellas, así como establecer comparaciones respecto a la edad y al índice de masa corporal (IMC). Material y método El trabajo se realizó en una muestra probabilística estratificada de 508 mujeres que estudian en la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Para realizar la integración del constructo de imagen corporal se definieron tres indicadores: insatisfacción corporal, influencia social e interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez. Primero se piloteó la escala de imagen corporal compuesta por 40 reactivos aplicándose a una muestra de tipo intencional en 100 mujeres universitarias de nivel superior. Una vez modificada la escala se llevó a cabo una validación de contenido a través del método de expertos. Asimismo, para medir las conductas alimentarias de riesgo se utilizó el Cuestionario Breve para medir Conductas Alimentarias de Riesgo (CBCAR) de Unikel, Bojórquez y Carreño. Para el procesamiento de los datos se llevaron a cabo análisis de consistencia interna (Alfa de Cronbach) y análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación varimax. Para la comparación de medias se utilizó la t de Student y para la exploración de la diferencia entre las variables de imagen corporal, una prueba de análisis de varianza (Anova de una vía) y la prueba a posteriori de Scheffé para la diferenciación entre imagen corporal, edad e IMC. Resultados La composición de la versión final de la prueba fue de 26 reactivos, integrados en tres factores: El factor I se denominó insatisfacción corporal, consta de 10 reactivos con una media de 3.1 (d.e.=0.8), un total de la varianza explicada de 17.9% y un Alfa de Cronbach de 0.84. El factor II se denominó interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez, se formó por 10 reactivos, con una media de 3.5 (d.e.=0.9), varianza explicada de 15.2% y un Alfa de Cronbach de 0.89. El factor III se denominó influencia social, se formó de seis reactivos, con una media de 3.8 (d.e =0.8), varianza explicada de 9.9% y un alfa de Cronbach de 0.82. Para observar el nivel de confiabilidad total del instrumento se realizó un análisis de consistencia interna de los 26 reactivos restantes con el cual se obtuvo un valor alfa de Cronbach de 0.94. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de comparación con la prueba t de Student la cual indicó que las mujeres con CAR mostraron mayor insatisfacción corporal, interiorización del ideal estético de la delgadez e influencia social. No se presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto a la comparación por edad, mientras que resultaron significativas las comparaciones entre el IMC y los factores de insatisfacción corporal e interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez. Discusión La evidencia indica que la escala de medición de imagen corporal cuenta con valores de validez y confiabilidad adecuados. De la misma manera se observó una validez predictiva aceptable que permitió clasificar correctamente una elevada proporción de los casos (97.4%). Estos resultados pusieron de manifiesto que la insatisfacción corporal es un factor presente en la mayoría de la muestra estudiada. Respecto a la diferencia de medias de la imagen corporal entre mujeres que presentan CAR y las que no, se encontró que en las primeras las puntuaciones fueron mayores. En cuanto a la insatisfacción corporal y el IMC, se observó que los grupos con mayor grado de insatisfacción fueron los de las mujeres con bajo peso seguidos de las mujeres con obesidad.